Which layer of the OSI model includes protocols like HTTP and HTTPS?

The layer of the OSI model that includes protocols like HTTP and HTTPS is the Application layer. This layer, which is the topmost layer of the OSI model, is responsible for providing network services directly to end-user applications. It includes protocols that enable various kinds of data communication, such as web browsing, email, and file transfer.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and HTTPS (HTTP Secure) are specifically designed for transmitting hypertext over the internet, facilitating communication between web browsers and servers. The Application layer serves as the interface for users and applications to communicate over the network, which is why protocols that manage web traffic fall under this layer.

The other layers mentioned either perform different functions or handle different types of data processes that do not include directly interfacing with user applications for web communication.